Artemisia afra

Artemisia afra
African wormwood
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Artemisia
Species:	A. afra
Binomial name
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.
Synonyms[1]
Absinthium ponticum (L.) Garsault Absinthium tenuifolium Gaterau Artemisia altaica Desf. Artemisia balsamita Willd. Artemisia grandiflora Fisch. ex Herder Artemisia pallida Salisb. Artemisia pontica Burm.f. Artemisia pseudopontica Schur Artemisia tenuifolia Moench

Artemisia afra, the African wormwood,^[4] is a common species of the genus Artemisia in Africa, with a wide distribution from South Africa, to areas reaching to the North and East, as far north as Ethiopia. Artemisia afra is the only species in this genus indigenous to the African continent.

Growth

Artemisia afra grows in clumps, with ridged, woody stems, reaching from 0.5 meters to 2 meters in height. The leaves are dark green, of soft texture, and similar in shape to fern leaves. The undersides of the leaves are a lighter green, and are covered with white bristles. Artemisia afra blossoms in late summer, producing abundant bracts of butter-colored flowers, each approximately 3 to 5 millimeters in diameter. Artemisia afra exudes a pungent, sweet smell when any part of the plant is bruised.

Artemisia afra grows across a wide geographic area, including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and Namibia. It grows primarily in areas that are damp, such as by the side of streams, and also in transitional areas between ecosystems.

Ethnobiology

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Artemisia afra is a well-known medicinal plant in Africa, and is still used by people of many cultures. A. afra has been used for treating a variety of ailments such as coughs, fevers, colds, chills, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gastric de-rangements, colic, croup, whooping-cough, gout, asthma, malaria, diabetes, bladder and kidney disorders, influenza, and convulsions. The roots, stems and leaves are used as enemas, poultices, infusions, lotions, inhaled (e.g. smoked or snuffed), or as an essential oil. In addition, Artemisia afra is frequently used as a moth repellent, and in organic insecticidal sprays.

Essential oil

Essential oil extracts of Artemisia afra are prepared by steam distillation using twigs and blossoms. Extracts contain the following components (via gas chromatography) which are typical of extracts of the genus Artemisia:

• α-thujone 52.9%
• β-thujone 15.07%
• 1,8 cineole 10.66%
• camphor 5.72%
• germacrene 1.60%
• δ-cadinene 1.16%
• α-terpineol 0.96%
• e-chrysanthenyl acetate 0.78%
• camphene 0.71%
• β-pinene 0.51%
• α-pinene 0.46%
• trans-β-ocimene 0.45%
• myrcene 0.22%

Research suggests that the extract of Artemisia afra could have properties that can protect against liver damage; however, more research must be conducted. On 21 April 2020, Madagascar President Andry Rajoelina officially launched a coronavirus "cure" dubbed "Covid-Organic". Developed by the Madagascar Institute of Applied Research, the herbal tea was made using artemisia and other locally-sourced herbs claiming the tea strengthens immunity. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) has since cautioned that there was no proof for any coronavirus cure at the time of Covid-Organic's launch.

Other names

Aretemisia afra is known by a variety of names, primarily due to the number of native dialects in regions where it grows. Langana represents a Sotho-derived name for Artemisia afra. Other variants include:

• wild wormwood (English)
• African wormwood (English)
• wilde-als (Afrikaans)
• umhlonyane (Xhosa)
• mhlonyane (Zulu)
• lengana (Tswana)
• lengana (Southern Sotho)
• nyumba (Luo)
• ariti (Amharic)
• chii (Tchad)

References

1. Bremness, L. The complete book of herbs, Dorling Kindersley, London, 1988.
2. Jackson, W. Origins and meanings of names of South African plant genera, Univ. Cape Town, 1990.
3. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening, Huxley, A., et al., eds. Macmillan Press, London, 1992.
4. Liu, N. Q., Van der Kooy, F., Verpoorte, R. Artemisia afra: A potential flagship for African medicinal plants?, 2009.
5. Mangena, T., Muyima, N.Y.O. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Artemisia afra, Pteronia incana and Rosmarinus officinalis on selected bacteria and yeast strains. 1999.
6. Mukinda, J., & Syce, J. Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afra in rodents. 2007.
7. Thring, T.S.A., Weitz, F.M. Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/Elim region of the Southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, 2006.
8. Watt, J.M., & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, E. & S. Lvingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London 1962
9. van Wyk, B-E., van Oudtshoorn, B. & Gericke, N. Medicinal plants of South Africa, Briza, Pretoria, 1997.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Artemisia.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artemisia afra.

• Artemisia afra Growth Distribution from Discover Life website
• Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Artemisia afra". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.