Arum italicum
Flor de Arum italicum.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Arum
Species:
A. italicum
Binomial name
Arum italicum
Synonyms[1]
  • Arum maculatum var. italicum (Mill.) O.Targ.Tozz.
  • Arisarum italicum (Mill.) Raf.

Arum italicum is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Araceae, also known as Italian arum and Italian lords-and-ladies.[2] It is native to the Mediterranean region (southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East). It is also naturalized in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Crimea, Caucasus, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Argentina and in scattered locations in the United States.[1][3][4][5][6][7]

Description

It grows 30–46 cm (1–1.5 ft) high, with equal spread. It blooms in spring with white flowers that turn to showy red fruit.[2] It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and woodland shade gardens.[2]Subspecies italicum (the one normally grown in horticulture) has distinctive pale veins on the leaves, whilst subspecies neglectum (known as late cuckoo pint[8]) has faint pale veins, and the leaves may have dark spots.[9] Nonetheless, intermediates between these two subspecies also occur, and their distinctiveness has been questioned.[10][11] Some gardeners use this arum to underplant with Hosta, as they produce foliage sequentially: when the Hosta withers away, the arum replaces it in early winter, maintaining ground-cover.[12] Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, of which A. italicum subsp. italicum 'Marmoratum' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13]

Arum italicum can be invasive in some areas.[12][14][15]

Arum italicum may hybridize with Arum maculatum.[16] The status of two subspecies currently included in Arum italicum, subsp. albispathum (Crimea to the Caucasus) and subsp. canariense (Macaronesia), is uncertain and they may represent independent species.[10]

In 1778, Lamarck noticed that the inflorescence of this plant produces heat.[17][18]

Leaves, fruits and rhizomes contain compounds that make them poisonous. Notably, leaves are rich in oxalic acid; other active principles are present in other parts. The ingestion of berries, which are showy and red, can be fatal for babies and young children, as well as dogs.[citation needed]

Gallery

  • Bulbs

  • Mature leaves

  • Spathe

  • Ripe berries

  • Botanical illustration

  • Leaves of cultivar 'Marmoratum'

Taxonomy

Within the genus, A. italicum belongs to subgenus Arum, section Arum.[19]

A. italicum generally has a chromosome count of 2n = 84, except that a few subspecies (such as subsp. albispathum) have 2n = 56.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ a b c MBG- hort. . accessed 11.1.2011
  3. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Pan di serpe, Large Cuckoo Pint, Italian Lords And Ladies, gouet d' Italie, flor de la primavera, jarro-dos-campos, Arum italicum Miller
  4. ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. ^ Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  6. ^ Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  7. ^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
  8. ^ Late cuckoo pint at aphotoflora.com: retrieved 3 October 2020
  9. ^ [1] Taxonomy and Nomenclature in Some Species of the Genus Arum L, C T Prime, Watsonia 5 (2), 1961 pp 106-9
  10. ^ a b Boyce, P.C. (2002). "Arum - a Decade of Change". Aroideana. 29: 132–139.
  11. ^ Boyce, P.C. (2006). "New Observations on Arum italicum". The Plantsman. 5 (1): 36–39.
  12. ^ a b Clark County Master Gardeners Archived July 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Arum italicum subsp. italicum 'Marmoratum'". Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  14. ^ National Park Service, Exotic Plant Management Team
  15. ^ "Invasive Italian arum". West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
  16. ^ Plantsman v13:3, p142, September 2014; Royal Horticultural Society
  17. ^ Meeuse, B.J.D. 1975. Films of liquid crystals as an aid in pollination studies. In Pollination and Dispersal, ed N.B.M. Brantjes, H.F. Linskens, pp 19-20. Nijmegen. The Netherlands: Dep. Botany, Univ. Nijmegen.
  18. ^ Wilhelm Pfeffer, The Physiology of Plants: A Treatise Upon the Metabolism and ..., Volume 3
  19. ^ a b Boyce, Peter (1993). The Genus Arum. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-250085-4.

External links