Diospyros ebenum

Diospyros ebenum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ebenaceae
Genus:	Diospyros
Species:	D. ebenum
Binomial name
	Diospyros ebenum; J.Koenig ex Retz.

Diospyros ebenum, or Ceylon ebony (Sinhala: කළුවර), is a species of tree in the genus Diospyros and the family Ebenaceae. The tree produces valuable black wood.

Description

This middle-high evergreen tree grows very slowly up to 20–25 metres (65–80 ft) tall. The leaves are entire-like and have a prolonged oval form, about 6–15 centimetres (2.5–6 in) long and 3–5 centimetres (1–2 in) wide. The fruit is not very big, approximately 2 centimetres (0.8 in) in diameter. It resembles small persimmon fruit. Sap wood is light yellowish gray. The wood core is glossy-black seldom with occasional light fibers. This wood with metallic gloss also has fine and smooth texture. The wood grains can be straight, a bit chaotically organized and wavy. Dry wood density is 1,190 kg/m³ (2,010 lb/cu yd).

Habitat

The tree is occurring in southern India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. The variety of the wood found in North Sulawesi, Indonesia is Diospyros ebenum Koenig.^[1] Known as කළුවර ගස් (Kaluwara Gas) by Sinhalese people due to hard black wood of the tree.

Wood

Sawn block of Diospyros ebenum

In Sri Lanka, it is illegal to harvest and sell ebony wood. It possesses the following valuable qualities: high wood hardness (twice as hard as oak), easy to polish (suitable for high-quality polishing, after which it becomes perfectly smooth), it has practically no pitting, provides glossy smooth surface, water and termites resistant. The tree's wood density is extremely high (up to 1,200 kg/m³ (2,000 lb/cu yd)), which makes it impossible for wood to float. It is also hard to treat both manually and mechanically. The wood itself is short grain, subject to cracking.

Polished wood feels cold like metal. Heat emission is so high that it causes melting of metal vessels in which the wood is burnt.

Uses

In the 16th—19th centuries the best furniture was made of Ceylon ebony. The wood was preferred for making door and window handles, table-ware shanks, while the cutting was used for knitting needles and hooks or razor handles making. Today the wood is perfectly used in handmade artwork and for producing some parts of musical instruments (for example, grand piano keys, necks, fingerboards for fretted and bowed instruments, pegs, tailpieces, string holders and tripods for instruments), turnery (including chess pieces), knife hafts, brush holders and chopsticks. Also it is good for decorative wooden inlay.

The wood is extremely valuable, so it is sold in kilograms.

Protection

Diospyros ebenum stem

Ceylon ebony wood high demand caused the threat of this species extinction. In 1994 the World Conservation Union, currently known as IUCN, included Ceylon ebony tree into the Red Book. However, as of 1998, IUCN has insufficient data about this species.^[2] Both India and Sri Lanka have law prohibiting international trade of the wood.^{[citation needed]}