"Holly oak" redirects here. For the Channel 4 soap opera, see Hollyoaks. For other uses, see Holly oak (disambiguation).
"Encina" redirects here. For the software by IBM, see Encina (software).

Quercus ilex
Quercus ilex JPG1.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Quercus subg. Quercus
Section: Quercus sect. Cerris
Species:
Q. ilex
Binomial name
Quercus ilex
Quercus ilex range.svg
Species' distribution: Q. ilex (green), Q. rotundifolia (rose)

Quercus ilex, the evergreen oak,[2]holly oak[3] or holm oak, is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region. It takes its name from holm, an ancient name for holly.[4][full citation needed] It is a member of the Cerris section of the genus,[5] with acorns that mature in a single summer. Quercus rotundifolia was previously thought to be part of this species, but was later moved to its own.

The first trees to be grown from acorns in England are still to be found within the stately grounds of Mamhead Park, Devon. From Britton & Brayley The Beauties of England and Wales (1803):

The woods and plantations of Mamhead are numerous and extensive. Many of them were introduced by Mr Thomas Balle (sic), the last of that family who, on returning from the continent brought with him a quantity of cork, ilex, wainscot, oak; Spanish chestnut, acacia, and other species of exotic trees.[6]

Etymology

The resemblance of the foliage to that of the common European holly, Ilex aquifolium, has led to its common and botanic names. The name ilex was originally the classical Latin name for the holm oak, but later adopted as a botanical genus name for the hollies.

Description

An evergreen tree of large size, attaining in favourable places a height of 21–28 m, and developing in open situations a huge head of densely leafy branches as much across, the terminal portions of the branches usually pendulous in old trees. The trunk is sometimes over 6 m in girth. The young shoots are clothed with a close grey felt. The leaves are very variable in shape, most frequently narrowly oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4–8 cm long, 1.2–2.5 cm wide, rounded or broadly tapered at the base, pointed, the margins sometimes entire, sometimes (especially on young trees) more or less remotely toothed. When quite young, both surfaces are clothed with whitish down, which soon falls away entirely from the upper surface leaving it a dark glossy green; on the lower surface it turns grey or tawny, and persists until the fall of the leaf; the petiole is 3–16 mm long. Fruits are produced one to three together on a short downy stalk, ripening the first season; the acorns usually 12–18 mm long in the UK, the cups with appressed, downy scales.[7]

  • Mature acorns on a tree in Corsica

  • Leaves and catkins in spring

  • Quercus ilex, MHNT

Ecology

Holm oak grows in pure stands or mixed forest in the Mediterranean and often at low or moderate elevations.

Quercus ilex is prevalent from Greece to certain parts of the Iberian Peninsula, where it mixes with Quercus rotundifolia, along the northern Mediterranean coastal belt.

Holm oak is listed as an invasive species in the United Kingdom. Normally the tree is unable to withstand severe frost, which would prevent it from spreading north, but with climate change, it has successfully penetrated and established itself in areas north of its native range.[8] The largest population of Holm oak in Northern Europe is present on and around St. Boniface Down on the Isle of Wight and into the neighbouring town of Ventnor, a town known for its naturally warmer microclimate, and has shown to tolerate the high winds on the downs. It is thought that this population's propagation (which was established in the late 1800s after having been planted by Victorian residents) has been bolstered by native Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius), which harvest acorns from oak trees and store them by burying them in the ground where they may then germinate. Feral goats were brought to Ventnor to control the spread of the Holm oak. .[9]

Cultivation and uses

The wood is hard and tough, and has been used since ancient times for general construction purposes as pillars, tools, wagons (as mentioned in Hesiod, Works and Days on page 429), vessels and wine casks.[10] It is also used as firewood and in charcoal manufacture.[11]

The holm oak is one of the top three trees used in the establishment of truffle orchards, or truffières. Truffles grow in an ectomycorrhizal association with the tree's roots.[12]

Q. ilex can be clipped to form a tall hedge, and it is suitable for coastal windbreaks, in any well drained soil. It forms a picturesque rounded head, with pendulous low-hanging branches. Its size and solid evergreen character gives it an imposing architectural presence that makes it valuable in many urban and garden settings. While holm oak can be grown in much of maritime northwestern Europe, it is not tolerant of cold continental winters.[13] It is a parent of Quercus × turneri, along with Quercus robur.

Notable trees

The TROBI Champion in Gloucestershire measured 27+1⁄4 ft (8.3 m) in circumference at 1.2 m height in 1993. Another tree at Courtown House, Wexford, Ireland, reputedly planted in 1648, measured 20 m in height, with a spread of 43 m in 2010.[14] An ancient tree reputed to be 500 years old at Fulham Palace, London is listed as one of the Great Trees of London.[15]

The oldest holm oak in Spain, the Encina Tres Patas de Mendaza, located in Navarre, is reputed to be 1,200 years old.[citation needed] A specimen in Milo, in Sicily, is reputed to be 700 years old[16] while a small population on the slopes of northern village of Wardija in Malta are said to be between 500 and 1,000 years old. Prior to the Carthaginian period, holm oak was prevalent on the islands.[17]

References

Line notes

  1. ^ Rankou, H.; M'Sou, S.; Barstow, M.; Harvey-Brown, Y.; Martin, G. (2017). "Quercus ilex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62537A3116134. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62537A3116134.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ "Quercus ilex". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  4. ^ Holm Oak, 2002
  5. ^ Manos PS, Doyle JJ, Nixon KC (1999) Phylogeny, biogeography and processes of molecular differentiation in Quercus subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 12:333–349.
  6. ^ Britton, J. & Brayley, E. W. (1803). Beauties of England & Wales. Vol. 4: Devon & Cornwall, Devonshire, p. 99. Various publishers.
  7. ^ Bean, W. J. (1976) Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., revised. John Murray.
  8. ^ BBC News, 2008
  9. ^ "The holm oaks of Ventnor Downs". National Trust. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  10. ^ "Holm Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  11. ^ Uzquiano, P.; Ruiz-Zapata, MaB.; Gil-Garcia, MaJ.; Fernández, S.; Carrión, J. S. (1 December 2016). "Late Quaternary developments of Mediterranean oaks in the Atlantic domain of the Iberian Peninsula: The case of the Cantabrian region (N Spain)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 153: 63–77. Bibcode:2016QSRv..153...63U. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.013. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  12. ^ "The Natural Gardener". thenaturalgardener.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  13. ^ "Buy Evergreen Oak Hedging Plants Online. Evergreen Oak for Sale Direct from Our Tree Nursery". www.kingco.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  14. ^ Johnson, O. (2011). Champion Trees, of Britain & Ireland, Kew Publishing, London. ISBN 9781842464526
  15. ^ Editors of Time Out (2010). The Great Trees of London, Time Out, London. ISBN 9781846701542
  16. ^ See the article about the tree
  17. ^ Flora of the Maltese Islands, Hans Christian Weber, Bernd Kendzior, 2006, Margraf Publishers p. 184

External links